hyperosmotic promoter in agrochemicals:
the new azone products are newly developed special promoters for agrochemical production by gaojin company. added the products agrochemicals can enhance their efficiency. after spraying, the liquids can spread fast and well distribute on the surface of plants and pests, destroy their protective wax layers, promote the active agents penetrate through into
pest body. therefore, not only the efficiency is enhanced significantly but also deduce the dosage of the active agents by about 50% at same control efficiency. as the new azone products can be used easily they are welcomed by formers, and very helpful for some new type pesticides extendin the market.
to guarantee the demands of pesticide producers domestic or abroad for different formulations some kinds of azone products are developed as follows:
oil soluble azone: mainly be used in agrochemicals with ec formulation, not dissolved in water.
water soluble azone: can be used in aqueous formulation.
powdering azone: can be used in wp formulation.
new azonc products are the most efficient permeatable promoter in agrochemicals.
using azone the hyperosmotic 12% mieshajing (ec) was worked out and had been lined in the list of national key s&t extension programs. thenews was reported by people's daily on the nov. 7, 1995. another newly developed agrochemical product, the high-efficient herbicide 42% hyperosmotic acetochlor-atrazine (aqueous flowable formulation), was reported by people's daily on may 4 1997. it was trial-produced and get through the professional appraisal. now the new azone products have been used successfully in some other new herbicides with different formulations such as bentazone (ec), acetochlor (ec), butachlor (ec), and glyphosate (aqueous solution).
the new azone products are colorless or light yellowish liquids with the good characteristics in stinkless, odorless, nonpoisonous, and non-inflammable. the products can solve in organic solvents such as toluene,acetone, alcohol etc, and also have excellent property in emulsification andmixture.
usage:applying the new azone products directly into? the agrochemicals during their production the adding amount is around 0.5-2% of the agrochemicals' weight, normally 1%.
new azone are applied widely in the organophosphorus, pyrethrum,carbamates pesticides and the mixture of some pesticides, fungicides andherbicides.
characteristics, physical natures and functional mechanisms
1. characteristics
oil like liquids appears colorless or light yellowish, stinkless and nearly
odorless.
chemical name： l-n-dodenylazacycloneptan-2-one
chemical structure：
molecular formula：c18h35no
molecular weight： 281.48
2.physical natures：
refractive index：1.4610-1.4720
relative density：0.900-0.926
bromide： 0. 1%
heavy metal： 0.001%
acidity and alkalinity： neutral reaction
content：95.0-103.0%
solubility：dissolves in any organic solvent
3. functional mechanism
azone has the hypertonicity to effect the ordinary cell construction of cuticle in living things' surface, make the lipoids under skin to be fluid, promote active agent get through the skin into body fast directly to the target and enhances the effectivity of the agent.
1>. functional mechanism on pests：most pests are insects .in their surface there is protective wax layer and cuticle. when azone applied into contact-poison type pesticide it can help the pesticide infiltrate with pest surface, make up a well distributing effective film, destroy pest cuticle structure, then reduce the pest's defense, promote pesticides get into pest body easily and arrive the target fast.for stomach poison pesticide azone can destroy the inner membrane of stomach, help the effective agents be absorbed and arrive the target fast to kill the pests.
2>. functional mechanism on plant pathogens：using azone can promote fungicides penetrate the cell wall of plant
pathogens fast to enhance their affectivity.
3>. functional mechanism on herbicides：most serious harmful herbs have a heavy wax layer on their surface,which act as a defensive cover. azone can help herbicides even spread on the surface, destroy the wax layer structure, make the effective agents get into herbs and arrive target fast then kill the herbs.
generally speaking, adding azone can save active agents by 30-70% at the same efficiency for a agrochemical product, increase the active speed by 2-5 times and lengthen the active period more than 3-7d, which lead the agrochemicals into high efficiency, less poisonous, fast and persist action.
azone applied in agrochemicals:
the good osmosis of make azone be used more and more widely in the productions of medicine, pesticides, animal medicine, dyeing-printing, leather making, beauty cosmetics, health-protecting products, metal surface treatment and anti-crystallization etc.. as its significant efficiency used in
agrochemicals, azone has become a promoter for new type agroehemicals to develop their market and make up the famous brand.
in agrochemicals azone mainly be applied in pesticides, fungicides and herbicides with the formulations of emulsifiable concentrate (ec) , liquid (include aqueous solution) and dust (powder). they are mainly as follows:
1. organophosphorus pesticides:
parathion,?? parathion-methyl,?? methamidophos,? monocrotophos,quinalphos, phoxin, dimethoate, omethoate, malathion, profenofos etc.
in the products above azone can be added generally by 0.8-1.2% in their mono-formulation or mixture.
2. pyrethrum pesticides:
delthmethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate,fenpropathrin, bifenthrin etc.
in this kind of products, azone's dosage is about 0.5-1.2% in their mono-formulation or mixture.
3. carbamate pesticides:
methomyl, pirimicarb carbaryl ,carbofuran etc.
in this kind of products, azone' dosage is about 0.5-1.5% in their mono-formulation or mixture.
4. other agrochemicals such as herbicides, fungicides:
the best dosage of azone in these products need to be determined by experiment.
the characteristics of azone applied in agroehemieals:
1.easily to formulate:
with good immersion, distribution, hyperosmosis, and stability azone does not have any negative effect on the formulations but enhance the efficiency of products.
for example, mixing 8% methomyl and 4% fenvalerate with supplementary agent then adding 1.8% (w) azone make up efficient enhancing 12% hyperosmotic methomyl-fenvalerate ec. the osmosis speed of the new formulation less than 20s, mixed toxicity index is 480. even the efficiency of the pesticide enhanced by 5 times the formulation appears homogenous and has not sediment.
2.efficiency enhancing:
as azone can enhance the active efficiency when used in pesticides,reduce the active agent dosage, spray actions, and therefore put the pesticide coast down in large scale.
for example, applying 40% dimethoate ec 25ml/mu (667m2) to control wheat aphids the control efficiency adding azone into it was 96.7-100%, which equaled the result 99.8-100% of dimethoate only spraying with the dosage 100ml/mu (667m2). it was said that the spray amount decreased by 75%, efficiency enhanced by 5 times and the coast reduced by about 70% when applied azone in it.
3. safely and conveniently to be used.
4. reduce the pollution to environment.
effective test in laboratory
bioassay results determined that the ld50 in 24h of 18% hyperosmosis omethoate to aphids rhopalosiohum pseudobrassicae davis, aphis gossypii glov. and spider mite tetranychus trunctus ehara are 2.19~ 103, 1.9848~10-2 and 28.035~10-5ug/individule, which were 2.0, 3.4 and 3.8 times lower than that of 40% omethoate. contrast test in laboratory:
the control test in laboratory using potter spraying method and sheet immersion method (fao, 1974) on resistant cotton spider mite, tetranychus cinnabarmus (boisduval) by jiangsu pesticide institute as follows:
tab.1. omethoate+azone action on cotton spider mite by spray method
| trials |
active content
(ppm) |
individuals before test |
living individuals after treatment |
efficiency
(%) |
| 40% omethoate+0.8% azone |
2.5 |
60 |
32 |
46.7 |
| 40% omethoate+0.8% a.zone |
5 |
59 |
8 |
86.4 |
| 40% omethoate+1% azone |
2.5 |
62 |
55 |
11.3 |
| 40% omethoate+1% azone |
5 |
64 |
7 |
89.1 |
| 40% omethoate |
5 |
60 |
35 |
41.7 |
| 40% omethoate |
10 |
59 |
4 |
93.2 |
| ck (water) |
- |
32 |
32 |
0 |
tab.2. omethoate+azone action on cotton spider mite by sheet immersion method
| trials |
diluting times |
active coneent
(ppm) |
test individuals |
dead individuals in 24h |
mortality
(%) |
| 200 omethoate+o.8%,azone |
10000 |
20 |
76 |
33 |
43.42 |
| 20% omethoate+0.8%azone |
5000 |
40 |
75 |
59 |
78.67 |
| 200 omethoate+l%azone |
10000 |
20 |
78 |
32 |
41.03 |
| 20% omethoate+l%oazone |
5000 |
40 |
74 |
43 |
58.11 |
| 40% omethoate |
10000 |
40 |
78 |
21 |
26.92 |
| 40% omethoate |
5000 |
80 |
79 |
39 |
49.37 |
the efficiency enhancing action of azone to omethoate:
the test result in tab. 1 showed that only spraying omethoate with 10ppm the control efficiency on the mites was 93.2% but using omethoate adding 0.8% or 1% azone the control efficiency were 86.4% and 89.1 respectively with 5 ppm. it suggested that the mixture with only a half active agent can achieve the nearly same control result than only using
omethoate.
the test result in tab.2 showed that the 10000 times dilution of 20% omethoate with 0.8% and 1% azone brout the spider mites' mortality by 43.42% and 41.03% respectively, which were 16.5% 14.15% respectively higher than that of 20% omethoate 10000 times dilution (26.92%).similarly, at the trials of 5000 times dilution, mites' mortality in azone using trials were 78.67%, 58.11% respectively, which are higher than that in none azone trial (49.37%) by 29.3% and 8.74% respectively. among them,the trial adding 0.8% azone had a statistic difference than that of none azone trial at same active dosage.
the test results suggested that omethoate with 0.8-1% azone can be used with only a half mount active agent to achieve the same efficiency.the efficiency enhancing action of azone to monocrotophos
the test results showed in table 3 and table 4 suggested that the efficiency enhancing function of azone on monocrotophos was similar to that on omethoate. in spraying method tests the azone dosage was used doubly than that in omethoate which got more enhancing efficiency in the test. for example, 40% monocrotophos 2ppm with 1.6% or 2% azone had a control efficiency at 93% and 93.9% respectively, which higher than that in 4ppm with none azone trail (84.4%) by 8.6% and 9.5% respectively. these results proved that adding 1.6-2% azone monocrotophos could get double efficiency at same dosage. in other words if monocrotophos dosage decrease to half and add 0.8-1% azone it can achieve the original efficiency also.
tab.3.monocrotophos+azone contrast test result on cotton spider mite by spraying method
| trials |
active concent
(ppm) |
test individuals |
living individuals |
efficiency (%) |
| 40% monocrotophos+ 1.6%azone |
1 |
64 |
18 |
71.9 |
| 40% monocrotophos+ 1.6%azooe |
2 |
57 |
4 |
93.0 |
| 40% monocrotophos+2%azone |
1 |
59 |
9 |
84.7 |
| 40% monocrotophos+2%azone |
2 |
66 |
4 |
93.9 |
| 40% monocrotophos |
2 |
55 |
16 |
70.9 |
| 40% monoerotophos |
4 |
64 |
10 |
84.4 |
| ck (water) |
- |
62 |
50 |
19.4 |
tab 4. monocrotophos+azone test results on cotton spider mite by sheet immersion method
| trims |
dilution times |
active concent
(ppm) |
test dead individuals |
individuals in 24h |
mortality
(%) |
| 20%monocrotophos+0.8% azone |
10000 |
20 |
74 |
52 |
70.27 |
| 20%omonocrotophos+0.8% azone |
5000 |
40 |
97 |
73 |
75.26 |
| 20%omonocrotophos+ 1% azone |
10000 |
20 |
73 |
55 |
75.34 |
| 20%monocrotophos+l% azone |
5000 |
40 |
72 |
62 |
86.11 |
| 40%monocrotophos |
10000 |
40 |
77 |
53 |
68.83 |
| 40%,monocrotophos |
5000 |
80 |
92 |
81 |
88.04 |
tab 5. methamidophos+azone test results on cotton spider mite by sheet immersion method
| trials |
dilution times |
active content
(ppm) |
test dead individuals |
individuals in 24h |
mortality
(%) |
| 25% methamidophos +0.8% azone |
8000 |
31.25 |
75 |
28 |
37.33 |
| 25% methamidophos +0.8% azone |
4000 |
62.5 |
80 |
63 |
78.75 |
| 25% methamidophos+ 1% azone |
8000 |
31.25 |
80 |
33 |
41.25 |
| 25% methamidophos+l% azone |
4000 |
62.5 |
79 |
51 |
64.56 |
| 50% methamidophos |
8000 |
62.5 |
77 |
18 |
23.38 |
| 50% methamidophos |
4000 |
125 |
78 |
29 |
37.18 |
the efficiency enhancing action of azone to methamidophos
sheet immersion test results was showed in table 5. the results proved that azone has a significant efficiency enhancing function to methamidophos. the trials of 25% methamidophos formulation adding 0.85% or 1% azone had higher efficiency than that of 50% methamidophos formulation in same diluting times solution, which were as much as 13.95%,17.87% in 8000 times dilution, and 41.57~/o, 27.38% in 4000 times dilution respectively higher than none azone trials. among them the trials with 0.8% azone had statistical difference from none azone trials in 4000 times dilution. the results suggested that adding azone can reduce a half methamidophos' dosage to achieve the same efficiency.
field experimental results
field experimental results were as follows: appling 10% cypermethrin(ec) 1000 times dilution to control pear sucker pstlla pyri (l), the pest mortality was 78.22% after 5d from treatments. in the same experenment,the result of 12% hyperosmotic mieshajng (cypermethrin + 1.0% azone ec) 1500 times dilution was 97.61%. clearly the later was 19.39% higherthan that of the former control pesticide.
spraying 12% hyperosmotic mieshajing to control cabbage moth,melon aphids and cabbage worm, the mortality after 3d were 92.97%,94.96%, 97.12 respectively, which were higher than that of the control pesticide 30% ddvp (ec) by 11.56%,8.68% and 12.77% respectively. not only the control efficiency were enhanced but also the active speed got more rapidly, the test pests fallen down in 30min after spraying 12% hyperosmotic mieshajing.
